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Stability and Variation in Hopi Song (Memoir 204)

Russian Overseas Commerce with Great Britain During the Reign of Catherine II (Memoir 218)

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Memoir 204
The Hopi are the westernmost group of the pueblo Indians of the southwestern U.S. They live on a high, dry plateau in northern Arizona, & have been a sedentary, agricultural people. This study attempts to establish the stylistic parameters of song in a particular culture. Author George List wishes to determine what is meant when a Hopi man or woman states that two or more performances are those of the same song. To what extent can speech sounds, pitches, & durational values, or the forms of which they are the constituents, differ & the performances still be considered to be those of the same song? Or, to state the matter in reverse, to what extent must they be similar for the performances to be so considered? In attempting to answer these questions List has transcribed & compared 8 recordings of performances of a particular kachina dance song & 11 recordings of performance of a particular lullaby, made from 1903 to 1984. Illus. Memoir 218
On the basis of newly-discovered Russian & British archival sources, Prof. Herbert Kaplan makes important scholarly contributions to 18th-century economic history. He conclusively demonstrates that there was not only a symbiotic economic relationship between Russia & Great Britain, but also that Russia contributed greatly to Britain’s industrial revolution & its imperial strategic military & political power during the second half of the 18th century. Kaplan is the first to estimate the real balance of payments between the two countries in a detailed analysis of a subject. The interpretations are based on an enormous array of data culled from contemporary customs & commercial archival manuscripts. Kaplan’s meticulous analysis of Anglo-Russian commercial treaties as well as Russian tariffs, which were intended to undermine them, reveals policies that both countries undertook to advance their respective maritime & mercantile power. Finally, Kaplan persuasively argues that Britain’s military supremacy crucially depended on its receiving an uninterrupted supply of Russian manufactured & natural resources. Charts & tables.

Soldier-Scholars: Higher Education in the American Expeditionary Forces, 1917-1919 (Memoir 221)

Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi (1130-1200) (Memoir 235)

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Memoir 221
A study educational opportunities offered after World War I to Am. soldiers of the Amer. Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Some stayed in Europe & studied art, attended clases at the Sorbonne, took medical courses at London’s Fellowship of Medicine, read law at the Inns of Court, enrolled in veterinary classes at the U. of Edinburgh, & studied French culture & language at numerous French universities & institutes. About 10,000 men were involved in these programs. In addition, 10,000 soldier-students attended the AEF’s own university at Beaune, created from nothing in a few short weeks to give them academic opportunities at the college level. For a few months in the spring of 1919, this university was the largest in the English-spoeaking world. Beyond the university level, other educational opportunities of various sorts were made available to virtually every soldier in the AEF. Illustrations. Memoir 235
Chu Hsi (1130-1200), author of the great Neo-Confucian synthesis, exerted a lasting influence on the thought & life of the Chinese in subsequent centuries. The core of his all-encompassing synthesis was moral & social philosophy, but it also included knowledge about the natural world. His doctrine of ke-wu (investigation of things) & his official duties made him mindful of the specialized knowledged in such “scientific” traditions as astronomy, harmonics, medicine, etc. In this study of Chu Hsi’s thought, Part 1 gives a systematic account of the basic concepts of his natural philosophy as background for understanding his natural knowledge. Part 2 discusses Chu Hsi’s actual knowledge about the natural world. Part 3 examines the relation between Chu Hsi & Chinese “scientific” traditions & compares his natural knowledge with that of the Western scientific tradition.

America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram (1699-1777) (Memoir 249)

Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity (Memoir 40)

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Memoir 249
The Academy of Natural Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the John Bartram Association, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, & the Philadelphia Botanical Club sponsored a three-day symposium in May 1999 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of John Bartram's birth. This collection of essays arises from that symposium. All of the essays contribute to the telling of the story of the multifaceted John Bartram, whose life spanned most of the 18th-century and who was called ”the greatest natural botanist in the world.” The work is published in cooperation with the Library Company of Philadelphia & John Bartram Association. Color & black & white illustrations. Memoir 40

Traditional Ojibwa Religion and its Historical Changes (Memoir 152)

W. B. Yeats: The Writing of Sophocles King Oedipus (Memoirs 175)

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Memoir 152
Describes & analyzes traditional Ojibwa religion (TOR) & the changes it has undergone through the last three centuries. Emphasizes the influence of Christian missions (CM) to the Ojibwas in effecting religious changes, & examines the concomitant changes in Ojibwa culture & environment through the historical period. Contents: Review of Sources; Criteria for Determining what was TOR; Ojibwa History; CM to the Ojibwas; Ojibwa Responses to CM; The Ojibwa Person, Living & Dead; The Manitos; Nanabozho & the Creation Myth; Ojibwa Relations with the Manitos; Puberty Fasting & Visions; Disease, Health, & Medicine; Religious Leadership; Midewiwin; Diverse Religious Movements; & The Loss of TOR. Maps & chart. Memoir 175
William Butler Yeats spent 24 years planning & finally producing his play “Sophocles’ ‘King Oedipus’” in 1928. Here, Drs. Clark & McGuire have written an extensive introduction divided into two parts: first, the years 1904 through 1911 when Yeats planned the production with various actors -- Ben Iden Payne, Murray Carson, Charles Power, & Nugent Monck; & second, from 1912 through 1926 when he actually wrote his versions. Profs. Clark & McGuire gleaned their information from Yeats’s letters & journals. The remainder of the book describes & presents the versions (Rex 1-5), some of which are transcribed because of the illegibility of Yeats’s hand. Photographic copies of Yeats’s hand are included. Illustrations.

Western Hostility to Islam and Prophecies of Turkish Doom (Memoir 201)

Atlas of the World with Geophysical Boundaries Showing Oceans, Continents, and Tectonic Plates in Their Entirety: Memoirs, APS (vol. 196)

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Memoir 201The tall tales of medieval pilgrims & the incitements of crusading preachers contributed their share to the hatred of Islam nurtured in most Christian hearts during the middle ages. Ridiculous legends grew up in the West relating to Mohammed, the stock in trade of preachers, who were always willing to inform their listeners about the origin of the Prophet & the nature of Islam. Pious Christians were usually assured that Mohammed had come to a bad end. Contents of this study: early legends & prophecies; Christian hopes for the undoing of Islam; Bartholomaeus Georgievicz & the “Red Apple”; & Translations of the Koran & Increasing Tolerance of Islam. Illus. This atlas of world maps is divided into 3 parts: maps with continental shorelines as natural boundaries; composite maps with continental shorelines as natural boundaries; & maps with tectonic plate margins as natural boundaries. All graticules on the illustrations are 15 degrees spacing unless otherwise noted & can be computer drawn. All projections, including land masses & plates, are suitable for computer drawing although, in some cases, some data have been entered by hand. Latitudes & longitudes are given for the poles of the map & for the center of the map. Latitudes are expressed in degrees north or south of the Equator; longitudes are given in degrees east or west of the Greenwich Meridian. Note that the poles of the map are the continental shoreline coincidences or plate boundary coincidences chosen for the particular map. Includes 29 four-color maps.

Crisis of the Weimar Republic: A Study of the German Referendum of 20 June 1926 (Memoir 164)

Oboe Concertos of Sir William Herschel (Memoir 225)

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Memoir 164
Contents: The Uncompleted World of the Revolution & the Origins of the Dispute Over the Princes’ Properties; The First Stages of the Controversy, Nov. 1925 to Jan. 1926: The Communists Set the Pace; The Social Democratic Party Astride Two Horses: The SPD’s Decision to Support the Referendum, Jan., 1926; The Dilemma of the Middle Parties: Could the Reichstage Find an Alternative to the Initiative Proposal? Jan.-March, 1926; “The Center Party Must Remain the Center Party”; From the Initiative to the Referendum, March-June, 1926: Chances for Parliamentary Action Fade; & The Failure of the Referendum & Its Aftermath. Memoir 225
Contents: Brief Biography of the Composer; Sources; Description of the Oboe Concertos; Facsimiles of Various Pages of the Autograph Manuscripts of the Oboe Concertos; & the actual Scores for Concerto No. 1 in E-flat; Concerto No. 2 in C; Concerto No. 3 in C, & Movement of an Oboe Concerto, in C.

Planned Invasion of Japan, 1945: The Siberian Weather Advantage (Memoir 223)

Under Heaven's Brow: Pre-Christian Religious Tradition in Chuuk (Memoir 246)

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Memoir 223
The massive invasion of Japan planned for Nov., 1945, required accurate knowledge of the weather conditions that moved across the Japanese Islands from Siberia. The U.S. Navy MOKO Expedition was sent to Siberia to forecast the weather for the invasion forces. Even though the unconditional surrender of the Japanese govt. was received on 14 Aug. 1945, it was not evident that all Japanese forces would surrender peacefully. An abortive coup supported the view that plans for invasion should proceed. The MOKO Expedition arrived in Siberia on 24 Aug. 1945 & became operational on 15 Oct. 1945 when the first weather bulletin was transmitted to Guam. The desperate efforts to set up a major weather station in time for the planned invasion were successful in spite of the exasperating tactics of the Soviets, the incredibly cold weather, & the primitive environment. Hattten Yoder served as an aerologist (meteorologist) on the expedition. Here, his story of the U.S. Navy Expedition is reconstructed partly from memory, partly from the first draft of preliminary notes, & official conference reports from the commanding officer of the expedition. Yoder offers a vivid picture of the Navy’s work in the Soviet Union. Photos & maps. Memoir 246
For the people of Chuuk and for students of religion and Micronesian culture, this book pulls together and makes available in English the somewhat scattered published accounts (largely in German), along with Goodenough's own (as yet unpublished) information about religious beliefs and ritual practices in pre-Christian Chuuk. The materials are presented in a way that seeks to document and illustrate a particular approach, a functional one, to understanding the kinds of human concerns that give rise to religious behavior. Simply to describe traditional beliefs and rituals without the relevant social background information leaves the reader without any feeling for what were the emotional concerns, engendered by life in Chuukese society, that ritual practices helped people address. Ward Goodenough offers a theoretical introduction, the necessary background information about Chuuk and the ways in which members of Chuukese society experienced themselves and their fellows, the world view and overall set of beliefs providing the intellectual framework within which ritual practices were formulated and understood, and the various bodies of ritual practices. He concludes the book with a summary that pulls together how the rituals described appear to related to the emotional concerns that growing up and living in Chuuk tended to create.

Joseph Csaky: A Pioneer of Modern Sculpture (Memoir 230)

House of Lords and Ideological Politics: Lord Salisbury's Referendal Theory and the Conservative Party, 1846-1922 (Memoir 215)

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Memoir 230
Joseph Csaky (1888-1971), a neglected pioneer of early Modernism, was a native of Hungary who became a dedicated member of the Parisian avant-garde. He took part in the 1912 Section d’Or Exhibition, considered by many to mark the high point of the Cubist movement. He was an intimate friend of such innovative giants as Picasso, Braque, & Lager. One of the first artists to apply Cubist principles to sculpture, Csaky produced a substantial body of work comparable in quality to that of Brancusi & Archipenko; yet he spent the last 30 years of his life in obscurity & was virtually destitute at his death. This ground breaking study includes a detailed discussion of his career, over 100 illus. of his major sculpture, & a translation of the artist’s autobio. that provides a wealth of new info. about the early Parisian avant-garde. Memoir 215
This study of ideological politics in Victorian & Edwardian England centers on a referendal theory promoted by the great Lord Salisbury when he opposed William Gladstone’s Liberal govts. It was subsequently carried forward in the form of the referendum by Salisbury’s son-in-law & ideological heir, the second Lord Selborne. Salisbury is today recognized as the most successful electorally of Conservative leaders. Selborne, though not as well known to historians, had a high contemporary reputation as an imperial proconsul who had united S. Africa. According to the referendal theory, the house of lords had a duty to refer disputed legislation to the electorate when the house of commons, in the lords’ judgment, lacked a mandate for the measure in question. That is, the lords’ political barometer was not the commons, as Gladstone contended, but the nat. at large. If this proposition prevailed, the lords could freely exercise an independent legislative veto in an age of expanding democracy. Not until the Liberals passed the Parliament Act (1911) were they able to counter the theory effectively. But well before this, Selborne’s advocacy of the referendum was challenged by another Conservative leader, Lord Curzon, who had served for a decade as viceroy of India. Their rivalry is one of this study’s most provocative & illuminating themes.

Dante & the Book of the Cosmos

Descartes's Theory of Light & Refraction: A Discourse on Method

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$Descartes's Theory of Light & Refraction: A Discourse on Method$

John G. Demaray (au). Two fervent spiritual desires underlie Dante’s figural pilgrimage to Beatrice at the end of the “Vita Nuova” & in the “Commedia”: a passionate longing of love to overcome error & sin in this life by finding as a pilgrim the true pathways to the holiest temples in the holiest cities associated with this lady; & at the same time, an overwhelming yearning of love to transcend this mortal realm of suffering & death, to rise through spiritual pilgrimage to a vision of Beatrice in heaven. In its encyclopedic scope & its relation of earth to heaven, the “Commedia” is an analogue for pilgrimage “temples” & churches that in the late Middle Ages were widely considered architectural representations of the external physical & immaterial universe. Color & black & white illustrations. A. Mark Smith (au). Contents: (I) Introduction; (II) The Basic Issues: A Historical Overview; & Descartes’s Perspectivist Sources; (III) Descartes’s Analysis of Refraction: Cartesian Light-Theory; The Analysis of Refraction; & A Critical Evaluation; (IV) The Foundations of Perspectivist Optics: Perspectivist Light-Theory; The Quantization of Light; & Comparison with Descartes’s Theory of Light; (V) The Perspectivist Analysis of Refraction: The Physical Model; The Physical “Explanation” & The Final Cause; (VI) The Perspectivist Grounds of the Cartesian Proof: The Mathematical Implications; The Cosine Relation; From Cosines to Sines; & Descartes Revisited; (VII) The Cartesian Legacy Reconsidered: Cartesian Light-Theory as a Culmination; Toward a Kinetic Theory of Light; & The Epistemological Consequences. Appendices: The Sine-Law Before Descartes; The Fermat-Descartes Controversy; Kepler, Descartes & the Anaclastic; & A Note on the Principle of Natural Economy. Illustrations.

Benjamin Franklin's First Gov’t. Printing: The PA General Loan Office Mortgage Register of 1729, & Subsequent Franklin Mortgage Registers & Bonds

First I Find the Center Point: Reading the Text of Hugh of Saint Victor's “The Mystic Ark” (Transaction 94-4)

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Keith Arbour (au). Among the items acquired in 1996 by Jay Snider, the collector of printed Americana, are 278 partially printed, early Pennsylvania mortgage forms. The royal folio forms are bound together, as issued, in full calf stamped with tools thought to have belond to William Davies, a bookbinder who flourished in Philadelphia from 1722 to 1740. The mortgage forms include printed preambles identifying Pennsylvania’s General Loan Office trustees as the mortgagees, & mss. completions dated as early as Sept. 23, 1729. Clarence Wolf, the antiquarian book dealer who sold the vol. to Mr. Snider, established that it was printed by Benjamin Franklin & Hugh Meredith with their first font of pica type. Mr. Snider made it availabe to historians for more extensive study. This illus. study attempts to place the Snider vol. in its historical, political, biographical, & bibliographical context. Includes an Appendix that indexes all the mortgages recorded in the Snider vol. Transaction 94 No. 4
During his explanation of both the painting made by Hugh for the school of Saint Victor & the text that describes it, Conrad Rudolph addresses “The Mystic Ark” in the two senses of the word “Ark.” First, he speaks of the iconographical component of the Ark proper in the image of “The Mystic Ark,” & “The Ark,” a shortened title he sometimes uses when referring to either the image or the text of “The Mystic Ark.” Created between 1125 & 1130, “The Mystic Ark” is a work that was conceived at a moment of previously unrivaled controversy over art & of perceived threat by science to theology. Rudolph recognizes, in his own text, the significance of the painting & text in understanding medieval visual culture & its polemical context. Color & black & white illus.

Stuffing Birds, Pressing Plants, Shaping Knowledge: Natural History in North America, 1730-1860 (Transaction 93-4)

Babylonian Horoscopes

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Transaction 93 No. 4
The Curatorial Department of the American Philosophical Society presents a catalogue of the exhibition being held in Philosophical Hall from June 2003 through December 2004. The exhibit focuses on the blending of art & science in the study of natural history in North America. It explores the cultural assumptions that governed the practice of natural history on the North American continent in the 18th & early 19th centuries. Focusing on the study of living things -- plants, animals, & indigenous peoples -- it looks at how & why Euro-Americans of the Enlightenment & post-Enlightenment periods went about explaining the world the way they did. Exhibit items include historical specimens, manuscript materials, first-edition books, & art work. Francesca Rochberg (au). Interpretation of heavenly phenomena as signs of the future was a Mesopotamian tradition of great antiquity. The practice of Babylonian celestial divination, spanning a period from ca. 1800 B.C. to Hellenistic times, is known in the form of celestial omens portending the life of the king & stability of the state. Emerging for the first time in the 5th cent. B.C., horoscopes reflect the application of the idea & practice of celestial divination to the life of the individual. Whereas an omen focuses on a single astronomical phenomenon, the horoscope takes into account the positions of the moon, sun, & five naked eye planets at the moment of a birth. As such, Babylonian horoscopes presuppose the concept of the ecliptic & a methodology for obtaining the positions of heavenly bodies when they are not observable. This is the first complete edition of the extant cuneiform horoscopes -- with transcription & philological & astronomical commentary. It is the first study to offer a systematic description of the documents as a definable class of Babylonian astronomical/astrological texts. Publication of the Babylonian horoscopes fills a significant gap in our materials for the history of Western astrology as well as of ancient astronomy, & provides a rich source for further study of the transmission of astronomical science from ancient Babylonia to the Greeks.

Shortest and Most Convenient Route (Transaction 94-5)

Opening of the Maritime Fur Trade at Bering Strait: Americans & Russians Meet the “Kanigmiut” in Kotzebue Sound

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Transaction 94 No. 5
Based on papers delivered at the Bicentennial Conference for Lewis & Clark, held in Philadelphia in Aug. 2003, these essays gapple in different ways with the motives underlying the Corps of Discovery & the impact on American culture. The question of failure is used by the authors as a means of interrogating the intellectual & cultural context in which the expedition was framed & in which its results were distributed. Contributors include Robert S. Cox (also the Ed. of the vol.), Domenic Vitiello, S.D. Kimmel, John W. Jengo, Brett Mizelle, & Andrew J. Lewis. Illus. John R. Bockstoce (au). Makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the early maritime trade in the northern Pacific in general, & in the Bering Strait area in particular. The maritime fur trade was an important commercial force in the Bering Strait region from the early 19th cent. until the outbreak of WW2; nevertheless, its origins are not well understood. But two important documents shed considerable light on the genesis of this trade. These manuscripts describe the voyages of the Amer. trading brigs “Gen. San Martin” & “Pedler” in 1819-20. They provide info. on the relationships that existed between the Amer. maritime traders & the Russian officials in Kamchatka & Alaska, as well as with the inhab. of the Bering Strait region in the first qtr. of the 19th cent. Illustrations.

Princess & the Patriot: Ekaterina Dashkova, Benjamin Franklin, & the Age of Enlightenment

Descartes and the Hyperbolic Quest: Lens Making Machines & Their Significance in the Seventeenth Century (Transaction 95-3)

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Sue Ann Prince (ed). In 1782, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova was appointed dir. of Russia’s Imperial Acad. of Arts & Sci. by Catherine the Great. It was just two years after she had met with another personality of the Enlightenment -- Benjamin Franklin, founding pres. of Amer. first scientific acad., the Amer. Philosophical Soc. (APS). The essays in this vol., pub. as a companion to an exhib. of the same title & on the occasion of the Franklin Tercentenary of 2006, highlight Dashkova as an accomplished Enlightenment woman. They explore how she, like Franklin, took up the challenge of living according to the newest ideals of her age. Nominated by Franklin in 1789 to become the first female member of the APS, she in turn made him the first Amer. member of the Russian Acad. Transaction 95 No. 3In 1629, the natural philosopher René Descartes enticed a young artisan to undertake a secretive project, one that promised to revolutionize early modern astronomy. Descartes believed he had conceived a new kind of telescope lens, shaped by the light of reason itself, & surpassing anything ever to come from the hands of the glass-working craftsmen of the era. These novel lenses would never be touched by human hands -- they would be cut by an elaborate machine, a self-regulating & automatic device. This study traces the inception, development, & finally the collapse of this ambitious enterprise, which absorbed the energies & attentions of a broad range of 17th-century savants, including Huygens, Wren, Hevelius, Hooke, & even Newton. Illus.

Portrait of Elizabeth Willing Powel (1743-1830) (Transaction 96-4)

Gears from the Greeks: The Antikythera Mechanism -- A Calendar Computer from ca. 80 B.C.

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Transaction 96 No. 4
Drawing on original manuscript sources, David Maxey has produced a persuasive study of a late-18th-century portrait & its subject. He has focused attention on an enigmatic painting that has long puzzled art historians, & the person portrayed in it--a woman of talent & verve, whose life has remained undeservedly obscure. Elizabeth Willing Powel occupied an influential position in Philadelphia society during & after the Revolution. She presided over a salon; spoke her mind freely; & maintained, for a period of 40 years, an extensive, illuminating correspondence. She was the trusted confidante of the country’s first president, whom she did not hesitate to instruct on where duty summoned him. Personal loss touched her deeply, & at a critical moment, the Philadelphia limner & sign painter, Matthew Pratt, was commissioned to capture on canvas the grief she experienced. What happened thereafter to the portrait Pratt painted becomes an essential part of the mystery that David Maxey has successfully undertaken to solve. This monograph will fascinate art historians as well as early American historians. Color portraits. Derek de Solla Price (au). Contents: Discovery of the Antikythera shipwreck; Discovery of & research on the mechanism fragments, 1902-73; The casing, general construction, & dial work; The arrangement in depth of the plates & components of the mechanism; The door plates & the gen. orientation & use of the mechanism; The accuracy of estimating gear teeth numbers; Description of individual gears; Description of gear trains; The inscriptions; The Antikythera mechanism as an historical document; The early history of gearing & clockwork; & The invention of complicated clockwork & the differential gear. Appendix: Composition of the metal fragments, with contributions by Earle R. Caley & Cyril S. Smith; & Technical note on radiography of fragments. Illustrations.

Command of Light: Rowland’s School of Physics & the Spectrum

Secrets in Stone: Yokes, Hachas and Palmas From Southern Mesoamerica (Memoir 217)

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George Kean Sweetnam. Henry Augustus Rowland (1848-1901) was one of the most important figures in the founding of modern physics in the U.S. A principal founder & first pres. of the Am. Physical Soc., he is best known for his invention of the concave spectral grating for which he won a gold medal & grand prize at the 1890 Paris Exposition. A grad. of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in civil engineering, Rowland was prof. of physics at Johns Hopkins U., where he had the principal part in forming the first school of Am. physicists to be professionally trained in the U.S. In this vol., George Kean Sweetnam, using Rowland’s papers & those of his colleagues & students, has written the first scholarly exposition of Rowland’s work. Memoir 217
Yokes, hachas & palmas are three extraordinary pre-Columbian art forms that occur in a specific region of Mexico & Central Am. & apparently have no exact counterparts anywhere else. These stone objects have puzzled art historians & archaeologists since the mid-19th century & much of the puzzle is yet to be solved. During the early years many fanciful attributions wer given to these artifacts based solely on their shapes, from which they received their names. Although research proves that the names by which they are known have no bearing on their function, these misnomers have persisted. The practice of carving yokes, hachas & palmas originated in the state of Veracruz in Mexico where they have been fairly well documented & considered exclusive paraphernalia of the ceremonial pre-Columbian ballgames. The focus of this vol. is on the large number of yokes, hachas & palmas that authors Edwin M. Shook & Elayne Marquis documented from outside of Veracruz, in the peripheral Maya area of Southern Mesoamerica (Chiapas, Tabasco, Guatemala, Honduras & El Salvador). Illus.

Tintype in America, 1856-1880 (Transaction 97-2)

Beyond Combat: Essays in Military History in Honor of Russell F. Weigley (Transaction 97-4)

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Transaction 97 No. 2
A history of the ferrotype or tintype in Amer. photography, from its origin in the 1850s until 1880. Schimmelman, Prof. of Art History, presents a history of the technological development of the tintype & its manufacture, & touches upon a number of issues relating to the cultural & social aspects of the tintype. She lays an interesting groundwork for thinking about the class dimensions of Victorian aesthetics & about the political economy of taste. The heart of the book is the extended accounts of the improvements in the presentation of the images & of the inventors & businessmen who made the improvements & advanced their careers in the business. Raises important issues in art history & the history of photography. Includes over 200 reproductions of actual tintypes. Transaction 97 No. 4
Contents: Emancipation, Black Troops, & Hard War, by J. Paradis; A Reinterpretation of Sherman’s Generalship during the 1864 March to Atlanta in Light of the Logistic Strategy, by J. Britt McCarley; The U.S. Navy & the Genesis of Maritime Education, by J. Speelman; U.S. Military Attaches & Military Intelligence, 1885-1920, by J. Votaw; Col. Conrad Babcock & Command Development during WW1, by D. Johnson; The Politics of Soldier Voting in the Elections of 1944, by C. DeRosa; Eisenhower as Ground-Forces Commander: The Brit. Viewpoint, by G.E. Murray; Operation Rollup: The U.S. Army’s Rebuild Program during the Korean War, by P. Kindsvatter; Considerations on the Weakness of Brit. Imperial Power, by A. Lynde; & Weigley Bibliography.

Dashkova: A Life of Influence and Exile (Transaction 97-3)

Astral Magic in Babylonia (Transaction 85-4)

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Transaction 97 No. 3
A woman of letters and the first woman member of the Amer. Philosophical Soc., Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova (nee Vorontsova) was also the first modern stateswoman in Russia. Early in her life she dressed in an officer’s uniform and boldly stepped forward to play an active role iin the political arena, where she participated in the palace revolution of 1762. Subsequently, Dashkova was appointed director of the Academy of Sciences by Catherine II and she founded and became Pres. of the Russian Academy. For close to 12 years, she headed both these prestigious academic institutions. She was a leading figure in 18th-cent. Russian culture as she strove to institute reforms, to adapt and apply the ideas of the Enlightenment, and to establish new approaches to the educ. of Russia’s youth. Sadly, her relationship with her own children was deeply tragic, and later in life she was exiled to the north of Russia. This biography focuses on Dashkova’s efforts in her life and works to isolate, clarify, and define patterns of action, identity, and gender for herself as well as for other women. Illus. Transaction 85 No. 4
Author Erica Reiner collected the Near Eastern material for this book over many years of association with the “Chicago Assyrian Dictionary.” She culled her sources from such scientific texts as medicine, divination, & rituals, which are not usually included in anthologies of Mesopotamian texts & are rarely available in translation. Chapters: The Role of Stars; The Art of the Herbalist; Medicine; Divination; Apotropaia; Sorcerers & Sorceresses; The Nature of Stones; & Nocturnal Rituals. Illustrations.

Long Route to the Invention of the Telescope: (Transactions 98-5)

Most Important Clock in America: The David Rittenhouse Astronomical Musical Clock at Drexel University: Transactions, American Philosophical Society (Volume 99, Part 2)

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After the telescope became known in 1608-1609, a number of people in widely separate locations claimed that they had such a device long before the announcement came from The Hague; in the summer of 1608, no one had a telescope, in the summer of 1609, everyone had one. For a number of years author Rolf Willach has quietly tested early spectacle lenses in museums and private collections, and now he reports on this study, which gives an entirely new explanation of the invention of the telescope and solves the conundrum mentioned above. Willach is an optical engineer and independent scholar who worked for several years in the Department of Physics at the Institute of Astronomy in Bern. He has written extensively on the history of the development of optics and the telescope. Illus. During the years of 1767-1770 David Rittenhouse designed and produced two orreries, one for Princeton University and one for the University of Pennsylvania. During the last two years of this interval he also produced two thirty-day musical tall-cased clocks, both with an orrery in the arch above the dial. The first clock, built in 1769, is currently owned by the Pennsylvania Hospital. The following year (1770) Rittenhouse made a second tall-case musical clock, which was more elaborate than the first. Additional indications show the Moon’s elliptical orbit and its positional orientation in the Zodiac. This clock, currently owned by Drexel University, is a very good example of Rittenhouse’s work as it has experienced only minor changes over the years. This was the masterpiece of his clock-making career and is a national historical treasure. Ronald Hoopes, author of this study of the Rittenhouse Clock, is a retired development engineer with a degree in electrical engineering from Drexel University. An avid clock and tool collector, he makes cabinet and movement replacement parts for clocks that are faithful to the originals. Drawings and color photographs.

Invention of the Telescope (2008 Reprint) (Transactions 67 No. 4)

Armenian Merchants of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries: English East India Company Sources: Transactions, APS (vol. 88, part 5)

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Transactions 67 No. 4
Reprint from the 1977 original. Ours is an age of science and technology, based on precision instruments. The first such device to strengthen our feeble human senses in our striving to comprehend the strange and elusive universe around us was the telescope. Cornelis de Waard, in his "De uitvinding der verrekijkers" (The Hague, 1906), had uncovered many new documents bearing on the genesis of the telescope. Van Helden began this project as a translation of de Waardâ€™s study. However, Van Helden decided that the profession and de Waard's memory would be better served by a collection and translation of all the relevant primary sources named in his study. Contents of this volume: Intro.; The Background; Between Porta and Lipperhey, 1589-1608; and Documents. Illus. Reprint. Tells a fascinating story about the trade relationship between the English East India Co. and the powerful Armenian merchant community of New Julfa that lasted over 100 years (17th and early 18th cent.). This relationship revolved around the Co's. continual efforts to break into the Armenian held silk and cloth markets. This trade relationship epitomizes the age of competitive partnership that existed then. Addresses the question "What was the key to the Armenian merchants' success during the pre-modern period?". Their "fabulous success" may be attributed to the rare atmosphere of trust that prevailed among the Armenian merchant community which, in turn, led to two significant benefits: organizational cost savings; and organizational innovations.

Franklin's Father Josiah: Life of a Colonial Boston Tallow Chandler, 1657-1745: Transactions, APS (vol. 90, part 3)

Climate Crises in Human History

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Josiah Franklin, a tallow chandler and soapmaker, remains a marginal figure in most biographies of his well-known son, Benjamin Franklin, due largely to a lack of written documentation. Biographers of Franklin included him mainly from a genealogical viewpoint, and few of them gave him further attention. Here, Huang has reconstructed Josiah Franklin’s life based on fragmented yet valuable manuscripts in several archival sites in the Boston area, such as his bills, letters, subscriptions, participation in petitions, and court warrants for his legal disputes. She has also drawn info. from newspapers, diaries, business accounts, inventories, deeds, and probate records which were useful to assess his trade and financial circumstances. Illus. This volume considers the response of selected cultures to climate events that have been documented from the archaeological and geological records. It includes articles by participants in a 2008 conference at the University of Pennsylvania’s Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology as well as other prominent scholars. The essays, which range over the Americas, Europe, Africa, SE Asia and the Near East, and over several millennia, may serve as a corrective to dogmatic claims about the future of climate and of mankind, and as a spur to the dispassionate study of both. Illus.

The Bookrunner: A History of Inter-American Relations -- Print, Politics, and Commerce in the United States and Mexico: Transactions, APS (Vol. 101, Part 1)

Treason on Trial in Revolutionary Pennsylvania: APS Transactions Vol. 101 #2

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In the first decade of the 19th century the United States and Mexico reached out to one another to initiate diplomacy, trade, and cultural borrowings. Each faced the task of decolonization and nation-building. The United States envisioned opportunities in Mexico for expansion; Mexico looked to the United States to learn how to recover from war, how to come together in peacetime, and how to write a constitution. This book explores the political and cultural history of Mexico at the time of its independence from Spain. At the center of the study are letters written to the Philadelphia book publisher Mathew Carey by Thomas Robeson, a book agent Carey sent to Mexico in 1822. Author Nanncy Vogeley demonstrates the important role that the inter-American book trade played in the formation of postcolonial national identities in the Americas and casts a new light on the historical interconnections between print capitalism and nationalism. Illus. American Philosophical Society Transactions Vol. 101 #2

In the fall of 1778 John Roberts, a prosperous Quaker miller who owned valuable property located about ten miles from Philadelpha, stood trial before a jury that found him guilty of having committed treason. He was charged with having betrayed the patriot cause and the nascent government of Pennsylvania by joining the British when they had earlier occupied Philadelphia. If not entirely innocent, did Roberts nevetheless deserve a trip to the gallows a month after the jury returned its verdict? Relying on two long-neglected contemporary records of this treason trial, David Maxey explores in depth the issue of Roberts’s guilt while capturing the atmosphere of confusion, conflicting loyalties, political bickering, and religious tension that prevailed in and around Philadelphia during that period. This is a study, replete in characters and contraditions, of the American Revolution as a civil war that divided neighbors and neghborhoods and of pardon that came haltingly when it came at all. Illus.

History of Alexander the Great (Transactions Vol. 102 #3)

Of Elephants & Roses: French Natural History, 1790-1830: Memoir 267

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Flora Kimmich (translator)
G. W. Bowersock (preface)
Brian Bosworth (foreword)

Flora Kimmich has translated J.G. Droysen’s classic study into English for the first time. Through her masterly rendering she brings this foundational work of modern historiography of the ancient world to a new audience. Based entirely on ancient sources, this is an exhaustive, beautifully narrated account of Alexander from the origins of the ancient Macedonian kingdom to Alexander’s death in Babylon in 323 B.C. Droysen’s interpretation of Alexander, first published in 1833 by a 25-year-old Privatdozent, is colored both by the idealistic exuberance of German romanticism and the wars of liberation and, in a substantially revised second edition published in 1877, by the imperial optimism of a newly consolidated Germany. This translation of the 1877 edition, with complete notes, does full justice to Droysen’s celebrated prose style. The monograph is enhanced with special introductory sections by Glen W. Bowersock and Brian Bosworth. Map. This award-winning illustrated book explores the fascinating history of the natural sciences in the turbulent years of post-revolutionary and Restoration France, from Empress Josephine’s black swans and rare Franklinia tree to a giraffe that walked 480 miles across France to greet the king. It is the catalogue for an international loan exhibition held in 2011 at the APS Museum in Philadelphia and the record of an associated interdisciplinary symposium held at the American Philosophical Society (APS) on December 1-3, 2011. The essays, commentaries, and discussions present new perspectives on French natural history, its influence on French culture, and its ties to the natural sciences in North America. Contributors include art historians, historians of science, and scholars of French literature, history, and culture. Illus.